An anal fissure is a painful small tear in the tissue lining the anal canal. In most cases, it occurs due to the passage of hard and bulky stool or significant tension in the anal muscles. Without proper treatment, an anal fissure can cause considerable discomfort and pain during every bowel movement. This is a common issue affecting a broad spectrum of the population in Slovakia, with an estimated 10% experiencing it at least once in their lifetime. It primarily affects children, young adults, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic digestive issues. Diagnosis begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination, including a digital rectal exam. To confirm the diagnosis, rectoscopy is often performed, where a doctor uses a lighted instrument (rectoscope) to obtain a clear view of the anal canal and rectum, allowing precise identification of the tear and assessment of its severity.
- Pain during defecation
- Bright red blood on stool or toilet paper
- Itching or burning in the anal area
- Visible small tear around the anus
- Discomfort or tightness in the anal canal
- Conservative treatment:
- Use of stool softeners or laxatives to reduce hardness
- Application of local anesthetics or special ointments to relieve pain
- Thorough hygiene and regular warm sitz baths
- Surgical treatment:
- Low risk for complications
- Patients can return to normal activities within a few days
- Post-surgery, thorough hygiene, sitz baths, and possibly antibiotics are necessary to promote proper healing. Patients are advised to follow a high-fiber diet and maintain adequate hydration.
Basic information
- After surgery, wound care is essential - keeping the area clean and dry, regular hygiene
- Pain relief may be prescribed with paracetamol derivatives or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Stool softeners may be recommended to facilitate defecation and minimize the risk of re-tearing
- A high-fiber diet is beneficial for healing support and prevention of recurrence - consuming fruits, vegetables, whole grains
- Adequate fluid intake is necessary - regular water consumption helps soften stool
- Avoiding irritant foods is recommended - coffee, spicy foods, and alcohol can irritate
- Most patients can return to normal activities within a few days, with full recovery occurring in about two weeks. Following recommendations and dietary measures significantly reduces the risk of recurrence.